Capital Gains Vs. Tax on Interest Income From Bonds: Explained with Examples

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When you earn interest from the bonds on your investment. This is considered as your regular income as per the govt and rbi rules. Here we will understand the tax on capital gains in detail.

When you invest in bonds, you may earn returns in two ways:

• Interest income from coupon payments (except zero-coupon bonds)
• Profits when you sell the bond for a higher price before maturity

Now, both these types of earnings are subject to taxation in India. The first one is taxed at slab rates, while the profits you earn are taxed as capital gains as per the holding period and listing status of the bond. 

But how do these taxes actually work and impact you? Let’s find out in this article as we assess how capital gains vs. tax on interest income from bonds are applied and how they impact your returns. 

Understanding Capital Gains Tax on Bonds

Capital gains refer to the profit a bond investor earns when they sell a bond in the secondary market at a price higher than what they originally paid. In such cases, there is a tax on a bond sold before maturity when a profit is booked. 

This profit amount is taxable, and the tax rate depends on the holding period and whether the bond is listed or unlisted.

1. STCG and LTCG Taxes on Bonds That Are Listed

If the bond is listed, the capital gains tax applies in the following way:

• STCG: Applicable when a listed bond is held for 12 months or less. The gain is added to your income and taxed at the slab rate. 
• LTCG: Applicable when a listed bond is held for more than 12 months. The capital gain is taxed at 12.5% for transfers on/after 23rd July 2024 without any indexation benefits.

2. STCG and LTCG Taxes on Bonds That Are Unlisted

In case of unlisted bonds, capital gains tax applies in the following way:

• STCG: Applicable if the bond is held for 24 months or less. The gain is added to your income and taxed at the income tax slab rate applicable.
• LTCG: Applicable if the bond is held for more than 24 months. The profits are taxed at 12.5%  for transfers on/after 23rd July 2024 without any indexation benefits.

Reviewing How Interest Income from Bonds is Taxed in India

The interest you earn from bond investments is taxed at your slab rate. In other words, the bond interest tax rate depends on your applicable tax slab. 

This means:

• Interest payments from bonds should be listed under ‘Income from Other Sources’ in your ITR, along with any other income, like salary, dividends, rental income, and FD interest.
• This interest income is added to your annual income for the fiscal year.
• The bond interest tax rate is your applicable income tax slab rate (e.g., 20% or 30% plus applicable cess)

Plus, you should also note that bond issuers have to deduct TDS at 10% from the interest income before crediting it to your account. You can adjust this deducted amount against your total liability when filing your ITR.

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Capital Gains Vs. Tax on Interest Income from Bonds 

Still confused about capital gains tax and tax on interest income from bonds? Here’s a table that sums up the capital gains vs. bond interest income tax more clearly:

Parameter	Capital Gains Tax	Tax on Interest Income from Bonds
What is taxed	Profit made by selling the bond at a higher price than its purchase price	Interest earned from holding the bond
When does it arise	When you sell the bond before maturity	Periodically, when you receive interest payments from the bond
Tax treatment	Taxed as short-term or long-term capital gains	Taxed income from other sources
Tax rate	Depends on holding period and listing status	Taxed at your income tax slab rate
Tax Impact	May be optimised with tax loss harvesting	No offset benefit, fully taxable as regular income

Understanding Bond Tax with Worked Examples in India

Now, let’s look at capital gains vs. interest income bonds tax through a few worked-out examples. For simplicity, we have based these examples only on listed bonds.

Example 1: Short-Term Capital Gains Tax on a Listed Bond

Let’s say you buy a listed bond at ₹1,00,000 and sell it after 8 months at ₹1,05,000.

• Holding period: Less than 12 months
• Capital gain: ₹5,000
• Tax type: STCG

Since it is short-term, the gain is added to your income and taxed at the slab rate. Assuming you fall under the 30% tax bracket (annual income of ₹24 lakhs or more):

• Tax payable = ₹5,000 × 30% = ₹1,500

Example 2: Long-Term Capital Gains Tax on a Listed Bond

Let’s say you sell the listed bond after 18 months for ₹1,08,000. In this case, the specifics will look like this:

• Holding period: More than 12 months
• Capital gain: ₹8,000
• Tax type: LTCG
• Tax rate: 12.5% (post July 2024 rules)
• Tax payable = ₹8,000 × 12.5% = ₹1,000

Based on the above capital gain calculations for bonds, the LTCG tax may look like the better option, since it has a lower tax impact. However, that’s not always the case. 

Plus, in the case of capital gains tax, there’s a possibility of tax loss harvesting where you can carry losses forward for 8 years to offset profits. This isn’t possible for interest income taxation.

Example 3: Tax on Interest Income from Bonds

Suppose you hold a bond worth ₹1,00,000 with a 9% annual coupon and fall into the 30% tax bracket. This means:

• Annual interest earned: ₹9,000
• Tax payable = ₹9,000 × 30% = ₹2,700

Even if TDS of 10% (₹900) is deducted:

• Total tax liability = ₹2,700
• Remaining payable at filing = ₹1,800

Focusing on the Nuances of the Tax Impact of Capital Gains Vs. Interest Income Tax on Bonds

The tax impact of capital gains vs. interest income from bonds is not the same for every investor. It largely depends on your total income and applicable tax slab.

For investors earning up to ₹12 lakh under the new tax regime, interest income and STCG may not result in any tax liability. This is because of the Section 87A rebate (up to ₹60,000), which can reduce the total tax payable to zero. In such cases:

• Interest income – effectively tax-free (after rebate)
• STCG – also tax-free (after rebate)

However, LTCG on bonds is taxed at 12.5% and does not qualify for the 87A rebate. This means LTCG is applicable and tax is payable at 12.5% even at lower income levels

On the other hand, for investors in higher income brackets (above ₹12 lakh):

• Interest income and STCG are taxed at 15% to 30% (slab rates)
• LTCG is taxed at a lower flat rate of 12.5%

So, in a nutshell:

• Higher income – LTCG may be more tax-efficient
• Lower income – interest income and STCG may be more tax-efficient

In Summary, Tax Impact Depends on Your Income Levels

So the tax impact of capital gains vs. interest income tax on bonds depends on:

• Your income level
• Your existing tax losses and outstanding liability

For those in the higher income brackets, the LTCG tax might help save more, as it is levied at a flat rate. But bond interest income tax rates for higher income brackets can go up to 30%. However, for low-income earners, STCG tax and interest income taxation might be easier to manage as the rate applicable is low. 

Want to start investing in bonds and other fixed-income assets? Head to GoldenPi and create an account to start browsing bonds. Choose from a wide range of corporate bond options, including AAA-rated bonds and high-yield bonds based on your risk appetite and goals.

Capital Gains Vs. Tax FAQs

Disclaimer:

This information is for general information purposes only. GoldenPi makes no guarantee on the accuracy of the data provided here; the information displayed is subject to change and is provided on an as-is basis. Nothing contained herein is intended to or shall be deemed to be investment advice, implied or otherwise. Investments in the securities market are subject to market risks. Read all the offer-related documents carefully before investing.

Bonds or non-convertible debentures (NCDs) are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India and other government authorities. GoldenPi Securities Private Limited is a registered debt broker and acts as a distributor and not as a manufacturer of the product.